Removal of separate legal personality and the ‘veil of incorporation’ by the courts The WritePass Journal

Evacuation of discrete legitimate character and the ‘veil of incorporation’ by the courts Evacuation of discrete legitimate character and the ‘veil of incorporation’ by the courts ] EWCA Civ 525 it was held that the cover will be penetrated when there is â€Å"evidence of extortion, wrongdoing or a trick or if the organization is an insignificant faã §ade hiding the genuine facts† (areas 213-215 of the Insolvency Act 1986, segment 993 of the Companies Act 2006 and segment 15 of the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986). It has in any case, been said that much trouble emerges with these exemptions as â€Å"veil piecing isn't an end in itself yet a way to an end† (Talbot, 2007: 29). Puncturing the Corporate Veil Except if the conditions of the case offer ascent to misrepresentation or a previous commitment, be that as it may, the courts will be probably not going to penetrate the shroud completely; Pirelli Cable Holding NV v IRC [2006] UKHL 4. Seemingly, the courts will â€Å"go to incredible lengths to maintain a strategic distance from any conspicuous entrance of the corporate cloak, while as yet making the kind of requests that would be fulfilled by simply such a process† (Watcher, 2007: 157). This guarantees teaching isn't as a rule totally subverted, while simultaneously giving assurance to people in general; Millam v Print Factory (London) 1991 Ltd [2007] EWCA Civ 322. Given the disarray this may cause, it is basic that the cover is just lifted in remarkable conditions (French, Mason and Ryan, 2011; 124). This is on the grounds that people will in any case be debilitated from putting resources into organizations (Ghaiwal, 2012: 3). In this manner, the courts should just have the option to â€Å"draw back the corporate cover to do equity when presence of mind and reality request it† as in Conway v Ratiu [2006] 1 All ER 571. End Despite the fact that it would appear just as the convention of discrete legitimate character is being sabotaged by the presence of special cases, it is significant that these stay flawless so as to shield the general population from misuse. Consequently, there should be a harmony between the interests of the general population and the interests of an organization and its individuals. Regardless of whether this parity is right now being accomplished is questionable, however the courts will try really hard to decide each case on its own realities so as to look after decency. Along these lines, it is significant that the shroud of joining doesn't secure those people found to have been acting in an unlawful way. Simultaneously, notwithstanding, the honesty of the shroud ought to likewise be saved so a company’s individuals are not being discovered actually at risk when the organization is truly languishing. References Adkinsion, R., (2008) Under the Influence? New Law Journal, Issue 7341. Beatson, J., (1991) The Use and Abuse of Unjust Enrichment: Essays on the Law of Restitution, Oxford University Press. Birks, P. (2004)Undue Influence as Wrongful Exploitation, Law Quarterly Review, 120 LQR 34. Davies, P. (2010) Introduction to Company Law, second Edition, OUP Oxford. Fafinski S., and Finch, E., (2009) Law Express: Contract Law. Longman. second Edition. Ghaiwal, S. (2012) ‘Chandler v Cape plc: Is there a chink in the corporate veil?’, Health and Safety at Work Newsletter, vol 18, no 3. Gulati, B., (2011) Intention to Create Legal Relations: A Contractual Relationship Necessity ot an Illusory Concept, Beijing Law Review 2, Scientific Research. French, D. (2011) Company Law, 28th Edition, OUP Oxford. Hopt, K. L. (2001) ‘Company Groups in Transition Economies: A Case for Regulatory Intervention?’, European Business Organization Law Review, vol. 2, no. 1. McKendrick, E., (2011) Contract Law. Palgrave MacMillan. ninth Edition. Poole, J., (2006). Casebook on Contract Law, eighth Edition, OUP Oxford. Saha, T. K., (2010) Textbook on Legal Methods, Legal Systems Research, Universal Law Publishing. Smith, S. A., (1997) Contracting Under Pressure: A Theory of Duress, 56 Cambridge Law Journal 2. Talbot, L. (2007) Critical Company Law, Routledge. Walden-Smith, K., (2005) Protecting the Vulnerable †The Court of Appeal’s Decision in Macklin v Dowsett, Stone Buildings News, Available [Online] at: 5sblaw.com/pictures/document/5SB_Newsletter_4.pdf Watcher, V. V. (2007) The Corporate Veil, New Law Journal, vol. 990, no. 7218. Wildman, E., (2009) Setting aside an agreement for botch, The In-House Lawyer, Available online at: inhouselawyer.co.uk/index.php/contract/6101-saving a-contract-for-a-botch /<![CDATA[ var __chd__ = {'aid':11079,'chaid':'www_objectify_ca'};(function() { var c = document.createElement('script'); c.type = 'content/javascript'; c.async = true;c.src = ( 'https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://z': 'http://p') + '.chango.com/static/c.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(c, s);})(); /]]

Metro Hospital Report

Metro Hospital Report A Report to Metro Hospital Home›Technology Posts›A Report to Metro Hospital Technology PostsBackground/ OverviewHIMSS is an Acronym which stands for Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. HIMSS is therefore a non-profit making U.S organization which aims at promoting a good understanding of information regarding management systems and health care information.  HIMSS Level 7 is the recognition of using the highest degree of electronic health implementation. HIMSS therefore rates hospitals basing on a scale of 0 to 7 using its Electronic Medical Records Adoption Model. The achievement of stage 7 or level 7 implies that the hospital is largely paperless. The organization therefore deals with the use of optimal management systems and Information technology for the betterment of human life. EMR is an acronym which stands for Electronic Medical Records (Wager, et al, 2009).Electronic Medical Records or sometimes referred to as Electronic Health Records are digital rec ords which are kept by the doctors, insurance companies or other facilities which someone seeks medical services. EMR systems are therefore used in keeping track of the medical history and general health of a patient through electronic and computerized formats. This report is being written so as to improve the services of Metro Hospital with a view to lead it to achieve Level 7 of the HIMSS EMR Adoption Model by the year 2025. It is important for Metro Hospital to achieve HIMSS level 7 by 2025 because it help the hospital in keeping medical records of patients in computerized forms and therefore not only making the records to be easily retrieved but also making the navigation of a patient through the healthcare system to be more efficient and much safer. This report is therefore being written as a roadmap towards the achievement of HIMSS level EMR for Metro Hospital by the year 2025 (Lyer, et al, 2006).Vision for the Electronic Medical RecordsMy vision is to see Metro Hospital atta in the HIMSS EMR Adoption Model by the year 2025 through having a fully electronic environment other than having the manual way of carrying out tasks as it is now. By adopting an electronic Medical Record model, the hospital will cut costs arising from employment of employees to carry out manual work while at the same time ensuring that tasks are carried out promptly and efficiently with the aid of electronic systems.    In order to lead the hospital to achieve level 7 of the HIMSS EMR Adoption Model by the year 2025, the first task will be to ensure that the hospital participates in the Annual HIMSS Analytics Study to make it receive the EMRAM Score. The attainment of a full electronic environment by the hospital by 2025 will therefore enable it to offer its services efficiently and effectively to its customers (Gasch, A. et al, 2010).The implemented EMR systemOnce the vision of having EMR has been implemented by 2025, it will comprise of systematically collected electronic health information regarding populations or individual patients. The system will be able to contain records in digital form which will be able to be shared through different health care departments of Metro Hospital through a wide information network connected embedded systems. To ensure that the HER system creates a positive impact for Metro Hospital and increase its revenue cycle, the system will be designed with key attributes like for instance, it must be able to provide an integrated clinical information which be helpful to health care providers to determine the condition of the patient as regards to the overall medical history of such a patient. The Electronic Medical System for Metro Hospital will be designed in such a manner that it can easily be accessed by physicians, clinicians and general ancillary staff.  The implemented EMR system for Metro Hospital should be able to integrate a full range of data in summary or comprehensive format comprising of personal stats such as weigh t and age, billing information, medication and allergies, medical history, demographics, vital signs, radiology images, laboratory tests, immunization status among others. The implemented EMR system for Metro Hospital should be able to have full records about the patients’ encounters which allows for easy automation and streamlining of such information in the healthcare setting and therefore increasing safety via quality management, outcomes reporting and evidence based decision support. A fully implemented Electronic Health Record for Metro Hospital by 2025 will enhance the hospital’s ability for revenue cycle because it will have the ability for provision of integrated clinical information and easy accessibility of Data from the Electronic Health Records (Scott, et al, 2007).A fully implemented EHR system for Metro Hospital by 2025 will create room for enhanced applications which will support more accurate and complete charge capture and offer improved documentation through au tomation and coding thus speeding up the process of billing. An implemented Electronic Health Record system for Metro hospital will ensure that the quality of care is improved and therefore lessening the suffering of patients as a result of the inability of the analysts to gauge quality and prevalence of medical errors. The use of information technology through the implementation of the Electronic Health Record system reduces costs in administration which in turn frees up the time and money that is spent caring for a patient. Implementing the EHR for Metro Hospital will also reduce medical errors through provision of decision support to healthcare workers through easy proliferation of continuing improvements in the health care industry and enabling faster access to contemporary practices in medicine and medical literature. The EMR system will also have the capability of offering onscreen layered and ordered presentations which offers easy to relevant coding concepts and information regarding medical procedures through browser capabilities applied on the screen (Lehman, 2006).The implementation of an EMR system Model for Metro Hospital will be advantageous because many electronic medical record systems will be able to be connected and therefore it will be easier for coordination of patients willing to seek appointments in cities with academic research centers for appointments to participate in clinical trials or specialty treatment. Given the fact that Metro Hospital has got good links with the Division of General Practitioners in the area, the implementation of an Electronic Health Records system will present it with an opportunity and a global medical environment which will easily enable international patients to link with it and furthermore shop for their own procedures (Hawamdeh, et al, 2008).What the EMR system will do and Offer for Metro HospitalEMR is therefore a digital, computerized and paperless system that will be used by Metro Hospital to maintain t he data of patients and reduce documentation errors while at the same time increasing the efficiency of processes in the hospital. The achievement of the HIMSS EMR Adoption Model by Metro Hospital enable the hospitals operations to be totally paperless and enable the hospital to share its clinical data and information through electronic standard transactions which will include CCD, CCR and other state mandated electronic transactions with all the departments or entities that are found in the health information networks. The adoption of this model will therefore enable Metro Hospital to share wellness and health information between the general medical, oncology, surgical, nose and throat, maternity, ophthalmology, vascular, children services, ear and other entities found within the hospital (Harman, et al, 2006).Critical success factors when building an Electronic Health RecordIn order for the Electronic Health Record to be successful, then essential technical factors should be consi dered.   This will therefore include the planning, implementation and management of the health records department from an inefficient and overburdened environment towards an electronic automated environment. Work processes, technologies and staff should therefore be well adapted in the provision of real time quality information despite being challenged by scarce capital resources and increased expectations. Some of the critical and technical factors that will be need to be considered when building an Electronic Health Record for Metro hospital includes realigning of processes, development of staff capacity, renovation of the physical environment and implementation of new systems that support the strategic plan of Metro Hospital (Warren, 2007).Development of staff capacity is important because it will help Metro Hospital to manage the cultural changes that will emerge and meet the future needs of departments by provision of education and other opportunities aimed at career developmen t. Building of staff capacity is also essential because it helps in the measurement of customer and staff satisfaction. Te development of a qualified ad committed team for Metro Hospital is therefore a critical success factor that is crucial for the preparation of the Electronic Health Record.   Realignment of processes for Metro Hospital is essential because it helps the hospital to plan and execute efficiently the sustainable processes changes and process improvement methodologies. The realigning process is also vital because it helps in measuring changes of the Electronic Health Records. Process redesigning or alignment is also vital because it ensures that all departmental workflows and renovations are aligned for best practice processes. Renovation of the physical environment through decommissioning of the satellite area and remodeling of the physical environment in order to have an optimal workflow is important because it will lead to reduced time in filling charts and retriev ing them. There must be adequate space that can be able to accommodate the filling of active charts accurately and quickly. The security of patient information is important especially when physicians, hospital employees and other third parties are granted access to such information and this should therefore be part and parcel of the renovation process (Walker, 2006).In order to achieve optimal collection and general of information for Metro Hospital, the possession of successful applications that require successful processes is critical success factor that should be considered by Metro Hospital should be considered in the implementation of the new Electronic Health Records.Analyzing the Current SituationTo be able to review the current Status of informatics within the Metro Hospital, I need to be informed how the hospital carries out its operations when serving its clients and general hospital operations. Currently, Metro Hospital is expected to provide a high level of technological tools and academic demands through provision of information management solutions to enhance the quality of health care that is provided to its clients, something that is missing from the current environment of the hospital. To be able to achieve this, a new strategic electronic information management and technology is a major enabler to help Metro Hospital in the achievement of the HIMSS EMR Adoption Model by 2025. The hospital is overburdened by an inefficient preparation environment which makes it hard for it to properly serve the high number of patients. Delivery of health care services at Metro Hospital is solely based on the use of paper charts and therefore the introduction of Electronic Medical records for the hospital is one of the crucial aspects that must be reviewed to ensure that clinical information is easily shared through electronic transactions. The hospital as of current, is not fully utilizing its functionality in the provision of efficient, safe and effective hea lth care for its patients because of the ineffective ways of carrying out its operations manually (Conrick, 2006).To be able to review the contemporary status of Informatics in Metro Hospital, it is essential for me to evaluate and determine if the cost of meeting the Electronic Health Records system is worth the cost of meeting it and the costs that Metro Hospital will incur as a result of adopting electronic Medical records. For instance, I should be able to determine whether the requirements in Stage one will exceed the value of incentive check and ascertain the costs that will have to be incurred in meeting all the stages even after they have passed auditing. I should also review if the Electronic medical Records meet their meaningful use and ascertain the time frames (Steele, 2002).To be in a good position to evaluate or review the current status of Informatics in Metro Hospital, I should be able to assess the current status of the hospital’s component deployment, understand the corporate goals of the hospital and be able to appreciate the hospital’s short term needs. Currently, the hospital has got good links with the Division of General Practitioners in the local area but they are not electronically linked. One of the most important aspects that I will review in Metro Hospital is making sure that an electronic health record is put in place to link these physicians and practitioners with the Hospital’s electronic records. The delay exhibited when serving patients because of the use of manual processes should therefore be reviewed to ensure that the manual way of searching for records is replaced by the Electronic Health records to save the time and resources spent on such tasks. Another specific aspect that I will review is the amounts of time spend when attending to patients at Metro Hospital. This will help me to ascertain whether the introduction of an electronic health record system will be beneficial for Metro hospital (Huang, 2010)..Informati on Management Practices that must be implemented to ensure the Effectiveness of an EMRStaff of Metro Hospital should be well informed of the management practices that must be enforced in order to ensure the efficient running of the electronic Medical record. Employees of Metro Hospital should therefore become aware with the relevant regulatory authorities, regulations and requirements regarding the use of electronic records. Regulatory authorities determine the existing guidelines and regulations about creating, maintaining, retaining and destructing traditional paper records and EHRs and EMRs and therefore such issues should be well known. Privacy legislation concerning the collection, use and final disclosure of patient’s personal information should be upheld and respected. The EMR will also be effective if the hospital management and staff as a general consider patient consent and their rights to accessing their health information that is stored in EHRs/EMR’s (Tan, 2009).Crit ical functions of electronic signatures must be taken into consideration while at the same time putting into mind the 5 key principles of transition from the manual to electronic system which include: securing of patient information and maintaining of the privacy of the information for patents. Medical records should also be kept and maintained through integrity and the integrity of clinical workflow should be supported and maintained (Brazell, 2004).Analysis and planning of level 7 of the HIMSS EMR Adoption ModelIn order to lead Metro Hospital into achieving level 7 of the HIMSS EMR Adoption Model by the year 2025, I intend to carry out a proper analysis and planning of the whole model by being informed of all the stages the hospital has to undergo in order to achieve the Final level 7.    Initially, Metro Hospital has not implemented radiology, laboratory and pharmacy ancillary department systems despite the fact that some of the clinical automation are present. The first procedu re to embark on towards the achievement of Level 7 status by Metro Hospital will therefore be to install all the main three ancillary systems in the hospital which will include the radiology, laboratory and pharmacy department systems. The second stage is to ensure that all the major ancillary clinical systems deposit data into a CDR (Clinical data Repository) which allows the physicians to retrieve and view results (Ochs, 2010).The Clinical Data Repository will therefore comprise of clinical decision support or rules and a controlled medical vocabulary which gives room for checking of any rudimentary conflict. During this second stage, information obtained from document imaging systems can be able to be linked to the Clinical data Repository. During the third stage of the HIMSS EMR Adoption Model, the Metro Hospital’s clinical documentation like flow sheets, vital signs e.t.c will be required while the eMAR (electronic Medication Administration Record), care plan charting and nur sing notes are scored with extra points and are integrated and implemented with the Clinical data Repository for one of the services in the hospital. Clinical decision support is implemented during the first level to in order to check for errors with the order entry in the pharmacy like for instance drug/lab, drug/food, drug/drug that are common in the pharmacy.  At stage three, there must be some level of communication system which can allow physicians of Metro Hospital to gain access through the hospital’s intranet or other secure networks that are available outside the confines of the department of radiology (Robertson, et al, 2008).During the fourth stage, CPOE (Computerized Physician/Practitioner Order Entry) to be used by any Metro Hospital clinician will be added to the Clinical data repository and nursing environment together with the capabilities of the clinical decision support that are related to the medicine based evidence protocols. The completion of the previous sta ges will signify the achievement of stage four. Stage five will now include the implementation of the closed loop administration in one of the patient care service environments implementation and integration of the bar coding, eMAR and other technologies used in auto identification like the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) in order to maximize safety of the point of care processes used in the administration of medication. Stage six will involve the total documentation of Metro hospital’s physician charting/documentation for at least one of the areas in the patient care service. All the clinician activities are guided through level three of the clinical decision support which is related to protocols and outcomes in form of compliance and variance alerts.  All the film based images are displaced by PACS radiology systems which provide physicians with medical images through an intranet (Felder, et al, 2008).The final stage known as level 7 or stage seven will ensure that Metro Hospital has achieved an electronic or paperless EMR environment in which clinical information will easily be shared through electronic transactions and all entities of the hospital will be able to exchange electronic records within a regional network. For instance, the Division of General Practitioners    in Metro’s local area, subacute environments, ambulatory clinics, patients, patients, employers and other hospitals will be able to share vital health information. As envisioned in the level 7 of the HIMSS EMR Adoption Model, it is this stage that will ensure that true electronic health records are supported by HCO (Andersen, 2008).Implementation PlanMy implementation plan will have a purpose, system overview, management overview which will include the description of implementation, the points of contact, the major tasks, the implementation schedule , security and privacy, system security features and security set up during the process of implementation. Apart from that, the im plementation plan will consist of the software, hardware, materials and facilities, documentation and personnel. Under personnel, it will involve of the training for the implementation staff and staffing requirements. The implementation plan will consist of the performance monitoring, implementation impact and configuration management interface.  Lastly, the implementation plan will consist of the implementation requirements by site requirement details (Skolnik, 2010).Resources required in implementing the project Some of the resources that will be required in order to implement the EMR project will among others include Citrix which is a technology that will be used to provide remote access from the office and home through utilization of wireless infrastructure, qualified personnel, hardware which in this case will include laptops, tablets, desktops, touch screens and carts. The allocation of the various administered and departmental funds together with all the budgetary allocation s should be highlighted. Being able to ascertain the relevant resources needed for implementation of the project will enable me to know early warning signs of under spending or overspending or even possible savings and therefore enabling me to effectively track down expenditure.   In general, resources needed can either be financial or non financial or both (Kiel, 2001).Specific goals and timelines for achieving a ‘fully digital’ status by 2025 by Metro HospitalImplementation of an HIMSS level 7 by 2025 for Metro Hospital is not one single project but rather, it is a series of initiatives which represent a journey more than a destination. The implementation process will therefore consist of challenges, solutions and the impacts that will have on the clinical process. Some of the critical goals towards the achievement of a full digital status for Metro Hospital will therefore include planning of the Electronic Health records and the acquisition of the ambulatory Electronic Health Records. Thereafter, the process of intake and assessment will follow after which the medication process will be clearly evaluated. Clinical support and documentation will be followed through the provision of E-communication patient providers and portals. The stage of finally implementing the ambulatory of the Electronic Health Records will make the electronic system for Metro Hospital to be its legal health records by the year 2025.    Although initially Metro Hospital had no plans of becoming a digital hospital, it has always been my goal to achieve this electronic status. There is need for us to use automation and Information technology in order to improve the care given to our patients (Finn, 2009).In order to achieve specific goals and timelines for achievement of a fully digital status for Metro Hospital by the year 2025,a vision, consensus and a strategic plan must be build at the board or executive level aimed at transforming care delivery through a business initiative. A governance structure should also be build in order to facilitate decision making, accountability, prioritization and management which include a user-focused comprehensive plan which deals with informing people how to deal with change. After that Information Technology infrastructure that deals supports the Electronic Medical Records together with a disaster business/recovery continuity plan for Metro Hospital must be build. Supplier/consulting decisions should be made and then the technologies should be implemented in the right order. Managing of change, measurements and achievement of the technology should be kept as an in day to day work.  A governance structure should be build in order to facilitate prioritization, management, accountability and decision making which includes a comprehensive functional steering committee.   Measurement of the business processes will need to stretch the goals and need to be balanced so as to embark on this long journey of achieving level 7 by 202 5 for Metro Hospital (Lorenzi, 2005).  Executive Engagement3 Years2011Process Measurement2 YearsIT Infrastructure2 YearGovernance4 YearsBenefits for achieving HIMSS level 7 by 2025 for Metro Hospital will also require that the benefits are quantifiable and the whole executive team should always be accountable for achieving the goals. The business value for the benefits should always outweigh the costs of IT increasing operational expenses and implementation costs. Metro Hospital should plan in using the EMR in demonstrating data agility during the whole implementation process. In order to avoid situations where the stakeholders of Metro Hospital might get disengaged before the whole project is rolled out, incremental benefits arising from the use of EMR data entry must be seen. In general, the roadmap for achievement of the HIMSS level for level 7 by 2025 for Metro Hospital will involve the following goals and timelines (Sharma, 2005).System selection1 YearsThe above processes shoul d therefore take 14 years for Metro Hospital to be fully digital. During the first stage above, all the ancillaries namely the laboratory, the Pharmacy and the RAD are not installed and this stage is referred to as stage 0. At stage one, all the three ancillaries are installed followed by stage two in which Controlled Medical Vocabulary Clinical Data Repository and the CDSS inference engine might have Document Imaging. Stage 3 will involve clinical documentation and error checking which will in turn be followed by stage four which will involve Clinical Decision Support protocols. Stage five will thereafter involve the administration of Closed Loop medication and then under stage six, physician Documentation and full variance and compliance of CDSS will be undertaken. Finally, stage seven will ensure that Metro hospital has a fully digital status by 2025.Governance:Governance is a very important part in the implementation of the HIMSS EMR Adoption Model by 2025 for Metro Hospital bec ause having unclear governance plans may pose as a big risk to the hospital in the implementation of other aspects. The governance for Metro Hospital will be under the responsibility of two committees which will oversee the implementation of the HIMSS. The two committees will be the IT Committee and the other one that represents the operational and clinical departments that are affected by EMR-EHR. The various people who will be involved in management of various implementation processes should be known together with their responsibilities and the people they are accountable to in Metro Hospital. Procedures and rules for decision making should always apply throughout the whole project and governance arrangements should include all the agency lines of accountability and reporting coupled with the relevant executive committees and agency boards in the hospital. The project should be governed in such a way as to include all the services that are supposed to be delivered as a result of a dopting electronic medical records. Clinical Staff and all Physicians for Metro Hospital should conduct a needs analysis in order to be sure that the implemented EMR-EHR system will serve as a proper decision making guide for the caregivers. The separate governing bodies for Metro Hospital should therefore work hand in hand to see that the project is implemented successfully. The committees should be able to meet as many times as possible to discuss any emerging issues and hear any updates about the whole project (Edgar, et al, 2010).Likelihood of Success and identification of riskI have high hopes that I will be able to achieve level 7 of the HIMSS EMR Adoption Model by 2025 because of the supportive and understanding Metro Hospital Staff.     However, there is a high concern that some of the practitioners linked with the Metro Hospital from the area will struggle in meeting some of the proposed rules for quality reporting requirements aimed at meaningfully using health information technology.   Some of the risks that may be faced with Metro hospital upon completion and final implementation of the Electronic Health Record will include incomplete or weak and lack of enough policy awareness and malicious misuse by insiders. The Metro Hospital’s Electronic Health Records may also be exposed to external attacks through either social engineering, defacement of the website, electronic mail phishing or through social engineering phone calls which may be detrimental to the hospital because vital information may be lost. Metro Hospital should also be concerned about weak incident response recovery policies and weak disaster recovery plans (Perezgonzalez, 2005).Benchmarks In order for usability ratings to give more than comparative information, it is necessary to use benchmark metrics to establish them. These benchmark metrics can be developed through measuring the actual clinical environment of clinician users for each scenario or task. The clinician panels will the n compare good actual performances against the perceived ideal performance by users so as to establish a target score which reflects better the needs of the users unlike the present state of the Electronic Medical Records performance (Gumpper,   et al, 2008).Conclusions/ RecommendationsIn order to make the adoption of level 7 of the HIMSS EMR Adoption Model by 2025 for Metro Hospital to be a success, it is vital for me to look at the benefits, barriers and risks. There is a significant relationship between the benefits and barriers of adopting HER systems by Metro Hospitals.  The transition by Metro Hospital from manual operations to electronic medical records is a significant change in the medical practice towards clinical processes. The ability of Metro Hospital to transform its medical records into electronic form will create further opportunities for the hospital to start clinical practice changes not only at individual levels but also at population levels. The success of the E MR-EHR for Metro Hospital will therefore largely depend on the input that will be derived from all the departments of the hospital what will use the system in improving the quality of care given to patients and increasing productivity. Committees dealing with governance in the implementation of the project should never be underestimated because it is through them that other stakeholders are able to give criticism, ideas, advice and suggestions.  Relevant approaches should always be approached in order to ensure that the EMR-EHR system is properly implemented to ensure that improved healthcare and regulatory practices are upheld (Jain, Et al, 2010).

Daniel OConnell - Biography of Irish Statesman

Daniel OConnell was an Irish patriot who came to exert enormous influence on the relationship between Ireland and its British rulers during the first half of the 19th century. OConnell, a gifted orator, and charismatic figure rallied the Irish people and helped secure some degree of civil rights for the long-oppressed Catholic population. Seeking reform and progress through legal means, OConnell was not really involved in the periodic Irish rebellions of the 19th century. Yet his arguments provided the inspiration for generations of Irish patriots. OConnells signature political achievement was the securing of Catholic Emancipation. His later Repeal Movement, which sought to repeal the Act of Union between Britain and Ireland, was ultimately unsuccessful. But his management of the campaign, which included Monster Meetings which drew hundreds of thousands of people, inspired Irish patriots for generations. It is impossible to overstate the importance of OConnell to Irish life in the 19th century. After his death, he became a venerated hero both in Ireland and among the Irish who had emigrated to America. In many Irish-American households of the 19th century, a lithograph of Daniel OConnell would hang in a prominent location. Childhood in Kerry O’Connell was born on August 6, 1775, in County Kerry, in the west of Ireland. His family was somewhat unusual in that while Catholic, they were considered members of the gentry, and they owned land. The family practiced an ancient tradition of â€Å"fosterage,† in which a child of wealthy parents would be raised in the household of a peasant family. This was said to make the child deal with hardships, and other advantages would be that the child would learn the Irish language as well as local traditions and folklore practices. In his later youth, an uncle nicknamed â€Å"Hunting Cap† O’Connell doted on young Daniel, and often took him hunting in the rough hills of Kerry. The hunters used hounds, but as the landscape was too rough for horses, the men and boys would have to run after the hounds. The sport was rough and could be dangerous, but young O’Connell loved it. Studies in Ireland and France Following classes taught by a local priest in Kerry, O’Connell was sent to a Catholic school in the city of Cork for two years. As a Catholic, he couldn’t enter the universities in England or Ireland at the time, so his family sent him and his younger brother Maurice to France for further studies. While in France, the French Revolution broke out. In 1793 O’Connell and his brother were forced to flee the violence. They made their way to London safely, but with little more than the clothes on their backs. The passing of Catholic Relief Acts in Ireland made it possible for O’Connell to study for the bar, and in the mid-1790s he studied at schools in London and Dublin. In 1798 O’Connell was admitted to the Irish bar. Radical Attitudes While a student, O’Connell read widely and absorbed current ideas of the Enlightenment, including such authors as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Thomas Paine. He later became friendly with the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, an eccentric character known for advocating a philosophy of â€Å"utilitarianism.† While O’Connell remained a Catholic for the rest of his life, he also always thought of himself as a radical and a reformer. Revolution of 1798 A revolutionary fervor was sweeping Ireland in the late 1790s, and Irish intellectuals such as Wolfe Tone were dealing with the French in hopes that French involvement could lead to Ireland’s liberation from England. O’Connell, however, having escaped from France, was not inclined to align himself with groups seeking French aid. When the Irish countryside erupted in rebellions of the United Irishmen in the spring and summer of 1798, O’Connell was not directly involved. His allegiance was actually to the side of law and order, so in that sense, he sided with British rule. However, he later said that he wasn’t approving of the British rule of Ireland, but he felt that open revolt would be disastrous. The 1798 uprising was particularly bloody, and the butchery in Ireland hardened his opposition to violent revolution. Legal Career of Daniel OConnell Marrying a distant cousin in July 1802, O’Connell soon had a young family to support. And though his law practice was successful and constantly growing, he was also always in debt. As O’Connell became one of the most successful lawyers in Ireland, he was known for winning cases with his sharp wit and extensive knowledge of the law. In the 1820s O’Connell was deeply involved with the Catholic Association, which promoted the political interests of the Catholics in Ireland. The organization was funded by very small donations which any poor farmer could afford. Local priests often urged those in the peasant class to contribute and become involved, and the Catholic Association became a widespread political organization. Daniel OConnell Runs for Parliament In 1828, OConnell ran for a seat in the British Parliament as the member from County Clare, Ireland. This was controversial as he would be barred from taking his seat if he won, as he was Catholic and Members of Parliament were required to take a Protestant oath. OConnell, with the support of poor tenant farmers who often walked miles to vote for him, won the election. As a Catholic Emancipation bill had recently passed, due in large measure to agitation from the Catholic Association, OConnell was eventually able to take his seat. As might be expected, OConnell was a reformer in Parliament, and some called him by the nickname, The Agitator. His great goal was to repeal the Act of Union, the 1801 law which had dissolved the Irish Parliament and united Ireland with Great Britain. Much to his despair, he was never able to see Repeal become a reality. Monster Meetings In 1843, OConnell mounted a great campaign for Repeal of the Act of Union and held enormous gatherings, called Monster Meetings, across Ireland. Some of the rallies drew crowds of up to 100,000. The British authorities, of course, were greatly alarmed. In October 1843 OConnell planned a huge meeting in Dublin, which British troops were ordered to suppress. With his aversion to violence, OConnell canceled the meeting. Not only did he lose prestige with some followers, but the British arrested and jailed him for conspiracy against the government. Return to Parliament OConnell returned to his seat in Parliament just as the Great Famine ravaged Ireland. He gave a speech in the House of Commons urging aid for Ireland and was mocked by the British. In poor health, OConnell traveled to Europe in hopes of recuperating, and while en route to Rome he died in Genoa, Italy on May 15, 1847. He remained a great hero to the Irish people. A grand statue of OConnell was placed on the main street of Dublin, which was later renamed OConnell Street in his honor.

The Learning Styles Controversy - Arguments For and Against

Format for the Celebration Speech Free Essays

Format for the Celebration Speech Introduction: I. Attention GetterAn attention grabbing statement to get the audience interested in learning about your process II. Connection to the AudienceTell them why they should listen to you (i. We will write a custom essay sample on Format for the Celebration Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. how does learning this process benefit them personally) III. Central Idea/ Thesis StatementA one sentence summary and preview of the entire speech, i. e. What are you teaching them? Body: * Transition Statement * I. Body Area Main IdeaA one sentence summary of the first body area A. Supporting MaterialInformation that confirms, illustrates, explains, etc. the main idea for the body area B. Supporting MaterialInformation that confirms, illustrates, explains, etc. the main idea for the body area * Transition Statement* II. Body Area Main IdeaA one sentence summary of the second body area A. Supporting MaterialInformation that confirms, illustrates, explains, etc. the main idea for the body area B. Supporting MaterialInformation that confirms, illustrates, explains, etc. he main idea for the body area * Transition Statement* III. Body Area Main IdeaA one sentence summary of the third body area A. Supporting MaterialInformation that confirms, illustrates, explains, etc. the main idea for the body area B. Supporting MaterialInformation that confirms, illustrates, explains, etc. the main idea for the body area * Transition Statement* Conclusion: I. Central IdeaRestate the central idea to review the main point of the speech II. Reconnect the Attention GetterReiterat e your attention getter. This makes your speech feel â€Å"complete†) Note: You have some leeway with how to format the body areas for this speech. A Celebration speech or an Informative speech is organized depending upon the information you are sharing about your topic. You should focus on interesting facts, uses, etc. about your topic and should NOT do a recounting of the chronological information about the topic. Audiences quickly become bored with this approach. How to cite Format for the Celebration Speech, Essay examples

Geology fo mars Essay Example For Students

Geology fo mars Essay Geology of Mars by Luke Justis Mars is the planet that is the closest geologically to our own. Still we know little about the planet. All the information that we have is from what we see. We can speculate about the geology of the planet but we will never know for sure what the planet is really made of until we physicallygo there. The information is all from NASA sites or NASA related sites. Mars red color leads us to believe that the planet has large amounts of iron. This red color is the only color that is on the surface besides the poles. There is also a darker area that runs along the equator. It goes around roughly one third of the planet. This is a giant canyon that makes our Grand Canyon look like a scratch. There are also what appear to be old stream channels. This implies that there could have been liquid water on the surface. The surface of Mars is varied greatly between north and south. This has been largely attributed to volcanism and erosion. Mars is similar to our moon in the southern hemisphere. This region is referred to as the Highlands of Mars. The area is pitted with numerous craters that reach between one to four km above the datum. Ejecta from the impact scatter around the crater making a rim like structure. The northern hemisphere is very low compared to the southern hemisphere. In the north the ground level rarely reaches above one km below the datum. This stark contrast between north and south is thought to have happened 3 Gyr ago. The south was continuously bombarded with meteors. The north would get hit but it would erode or volcanic flows would cover it. The north also has evidence of ancient stream channels and at the extreme north and south glaciers are still present in the form of an ice cap. Tharsis: The region known as Tharsis is at the center of a bulge in the planets surface. This giant volcano is 4000 km across and 10 km high. Another bulge is called Elysium and it is about 2000 km across and 5 km high. At the summit of Tharsis are three volcanoes the tallest of these is Olympus Mons. The peak of this volcano is 27 km above the place where Tharsis ends and Olympus Mons begins. The volcano itself was made by periodic eruption over a period of time. The lava is most likely very fluid and would have little pyroclastic activity. The large size of the volcano can be attributed the lack of tectonic activity. Few impact craters on the flank of the volcano suggest that the volcano is relatively young. It is possible though, that volcanism could have been occurring during much of Mars history. Mars volcanoes are very similar to those found on Earth specially those found on Hawaii. Their low shape and large flows are very similar to those in Hawaii. Ash deposits are also very common on Martian volcanoes. Evidence for hydrothermal activity is also another commonly found geologic feature on Mars suggesting even more that there is water on Mars. Water Erosion: The role of water erosion is the most mysterious this geologically about Mars. Large dry valleys and evidence Of ancient flood plains all add to the mystery. Old shore lines in the North suggest that there could have been huge lakes caused by massive floods. The floods could have been caused by the heating of the surface or a change of climate. All these bits and pieces add to the debate of whether or not Mars had large amounts of water like Earth at one time or another. The rate at which the water did carve the stream channels and large valleys is still uncertain. There is supple evidence to suggest that the water ran at a slow pace. The features of these valleys appear to be the product of slow erosion. Branch valley networks are commonly found in the southern hemisphere and some in younger areas. .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf , .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf .postImageUrl , .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf , .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf:hover , .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf:visited , .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf:active { border:0!important; } .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf:active , .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufb869a299a5f3ba93db0885e5f8361cf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gamelan - Music of Indonesia Essay The channels appear to have tributaries that increase the size of the main stream channel. This is still heavily debated because the inside of .

Facts Hvdc Essay Example

Facts Hvdc Paper A Paper presented on â€Å"FACTS HVDC TRNAMISSION SYSTEMS† PRESENTED BY NITIN K. MOHURLE (T. E. ELECTRICAL) SHRAM SADHANA TRUST’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY BAMBHORI, JALGAON E-mail:- nitin. [emailprotected] com FACTS AND HVDC TRNSMISSION SYSTEMS Nitin Mohurle Shram Sadhana Trust’s College of Engineering And Technology, Jalgaon nitin. [emailprotected] com Abstract — Development of electrical power supplies began more than one hundred years ago. At the beginning, there were only small DC networks within narrow local boundaries, which were able to cover the direct needs of industrial plants by means of hydro energy. With an increasing demand on energy and the construction of large generation units, typically built at remote locations from the load centres, the technology changed from DC to AC. Power to be transmitted, voltage levels and transmission distances increased. FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) and HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) are controllable devices whose functions are to enhance the security, capacity and flexibility of power transmission systems. Application of these components in power systems implies an improvement of transient and voltage stability, power oscillation damping and optimal power flow. DC transmission and FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) has developed to a viable technique with high power ratings since the 60s. From the first small DC and AC mini networks, there are now systems transmitting 3 4 GW over large distances with only one bipolar DC transmission: 1. 000 2. 000 km or more are feasible with overhead lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Facts Hvdc specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Facts Hvdc specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Facts Hvdc specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With submarine cables, transmission levels of up to 600 – 800 MW over distances of nearly 300 km have already been attained, and cable transmission lengths of up to 1. 300 km are in the planning stage. As a multiterminal system, HVDC can also be connected at several points with the surrounding three-phase network. FACTS is applicable in parallel connection or in series or in a combination of both. The rating of shunt connected FACTS controllers is up to 800 Mvar, series FACTS devices are implemented on 550 and 735 kV level to increase the line transmission capacity up to several GW. The fast development of power electronics based on new and powerful semiconductor devices has led to innovative technologies, such as high voltage dc transmission (HVDC) and flexible ac transmission system (FACTS), which can be applied in transmission and distribution systems. This paper has discussed the application of high voltage power electronics FACTS and HVDC controllers, needs of advance FACTS and HVDC based control for future power system and enhancing system stability and its development. HVDC and FACTS offer major advantages in meeting these requirements. Keywords—SVC Static Var Compensator SC Series Capacitor, VSC, STATCOM I. INTRODUCTION The development of Electric Power Industry follows closely the increase of the demand on electrical energy. Main driving factors for energy consumption are listed in Fig. 1. In the early years of power system developments this increase was extremely fast, also in industrialized countries, many decades with the doubling of energy consumption each 10 years. Such fast increase is nowadays still present in the emerging countries, especially in Far-East. In the industrialized countries the increase is, however, only about 1 to 2 % per year with an estimated doubling of the demand in 30 to 50 years. In next 20 years, power consumption in developing and emerging countries is expected to more than double, whereas in industrialized countries, it will increase only for about 40 %. Fast development and further extension of power systems can therefore be expected mainly in the areas of developing and emerging countries. However, because of a lack on available investments, the development of transmission systems in these countries does not follow the increase in power demand. Hence, there is a gap between transmission capacity and actual power demand, which leads to technical problems in the overloaded transmission systems. Interconnection of separated grids in the developed countries can solve some of these problems, however, when the interconnections are heavily loaded due to an increasing power exchange, the reliability and availability of the transmission will be reduced. A. POWER FACTOR To understand power factor, visualize a horse pulling a railroad car down a railroad track. Because the railroad ties are uneven, the horse must pull the car from the side of the track. The horse is pulling the railroad car at an angle to the direction of the car’s travel. The power required to move the car down the track is the working (real) power. The effort of the horse is the total (apparent) power. Because of the angle of the horse’s pull, not all of the horse’s effort is used to move the car down the track. The car will not move sideways; therefore, the sideways pull of the horse is wasted effort or nonworking (reactive) power. The angle of the horse’s pull is related to power factor, which is defined as the ratio of real (working) power to apparent (total) power. If the horse is led closer to the centre of the track, the angle of side pull decreases and the real power approaches the value of the apparent power. Therefore, the ratio of real power to apparent power (the power factor) approaches 1. As the power factor approaches 1, the reactive (nonworking) power approaches 0. Fig. 2 Reactive Power analogy B. REACTIVE POWER: Reactive power is a concept used by engineers to describe the background energy movement in an Alternating Current (AC) system arising from the production of electric and magnetic fields. These fields store energy which changes through each AC cycle. Devices which store energy by virtue of a magnetic field produced by a flow of current are said to absorb reactive power; those which store energy by virtue of electric fields are said to generate reactive power. Explanation for reactive power says that in an alternating current system, when the voltage and current go up and down at the same time, only real power is transmitted and when there is a time shift between voltage and current both active and reactive power are transmitted. But, when the average in time is calculated, he average active power exists causing a net flow of energy from one point to another, whereas average reactive power is zero, irrespective of the network or state of the system. In the case of reactive power, the amount of energy flowing in one direction is equal to the amount of energy flowing in the opposite direction (or different parts -capacitors, inductors, etc- of a network, exchange the rea ctive power). II. FACTS AND HVDC SYSTEM A. HVDC SYSTEM HVDC was first used commercially 50 years ago. Since then a growing number of transmission schemes have been constructed around the world. HVDC differs from high voltage alternating current, HVAC that the voltage is not alternating 50 or 60 cycles per second but is constant. The advantage of HVDC is that long distance transmission is more efficient as there is no need to charge the capacitance of a transmission line with the alternating voltage. The drawback of HVDC is that one needs more expensive terminals at the line ends. Fig. 3 Typical HVDC converter station using thyristor valves HVDC has a number of properties that makes it different from ac transmission. The most important are: The two stations can be connected to networks that are not synchronized or does not even have the same frequency * Power can be transmitted over very long distances without compensation for the reactive power. Reactive power is power that does not add to the transmitted power, but is a by-product at ac- transmission as the line or cable capacitances has to be charged 50 or 60 times per second. As HVDC has constant voltage it does not gene rate reactive power. See also figure 4. * Only two conductors are needed (or even one conductor if the ground or the sea is used as return) for HVDC compared to thre conductors for alternating current. Fig. 4 Shows the power that is possible to transmit as a function of the distance for ac- cables of various voltage stress compared to HVDC With ac high power can be transmitted short distances or low power long distances. HVDC cables can transmit high power over long distances. B. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System The objective of incorporating FACTS is into the power system lines are similar to HVDC but greater flexibility are involved like improving real power transfer capability in the lines, prevention of sub synchronous resonance (SSR)oscillations and damping of power swings [1]. FACTS devices have four well-known types which are used in many power systems in the world. ‘Single’ type controller is the types of FACTS that installed in series or shunt in an AC transmission line, while ‘unified’ type controller are the combined converters type of FACTS controllers like UPFC and HVDC. The size of a controller is dependent on the requirements of the network and desired power transmission at loading point Voltage Source Controller (VSC) is sinusoidal voltage and is used in power system and other application. The quality of the sine wave is dependent on the size or amount of the power electronics installed. C. LIMITATIONS OF LARGE AC SYSTEMS In large AC Systems with long distance transmission and synchronous interconnections, technical problems can be expected, which are summarized in Fig. 2. Main problems occur regarding load flow, system oscillations and inter-area oscillations. If systems have a large geographic extension and have to transmit large power over long distances, additional voltage and stability problems can arise. Fig. Limitations of Large AC systems III. FACTS, HVDC AND REACTIVE POWER FACTS has a lot to do with reactive power compensation, and indeed, that used to be the term utilized for the technology in the old days. Reactive power appears in all electric power systems, due to the laws of nature. Contrary to active power, which is what we really want to transmit over our power system, and which performs real work, such as keeping a lamp lit or a motor running, reactive power does not perform any such work. Consequently, in a way one can say that the presence f reactive power in a grid makes it heavier for it to perform its task, i. e. transmit power from A to B (Figure 1), and consequently less efficient than would otherwise be possible. We can also refer to Lenz? law, formulated already in the nineteenth century: Every change in an electrical system induces a counter-reaction opposing its origin. So, as a consequence, if we can minimize the flow of reactive power over the transmission system, we can make the system more efficient and put it to better and more economical use. We cannot altogether do without reactive power, though, because it is intimately linked with grid voltage (500 kV, 400 kV, 220 kV, etc). To get the correct grid voltage, we need the right amount of reactive power in the system. If there is not enough reactive power, the voltage will sag. And vice versa, if there is too much of it, the voltage will be too high. So, to have it in the right amounts at all times, and in the right places of the grid, that is the task to be performed by means of Reactive Power Compensation. Reactive power balance is important also from another point of view: it ensures that valuable space in transmission lines and equipment such as transformers is not occupied by â€Å"idle† reactive power, but rather available for a maximum of useful, active power as in fig. This is particularly crucial in situations where some fault appears in the grid. In such a situation, it will often be a matter of milliseconds for the Reactive Power Compensator, i. e. the FACTS device, to go into action and help restore the stability, and the voltage of the grid, in order to prevent, or mitigate, a voltage collapse. IV. LOSSES Maintaining proper balance of reactive power in the grid is important also from another point of view: too much reactive power flowing in the grid also gives rise to losses, and losses cost money which is always, at the end, charged to the customer. To prevent such losses, it is important that reactive power is not permitted to flow over long distances, because losses grow with the distance that the reactive power is flowing over. Instead, reactive power should be inserted where it is needed, i. e. close to large cities and/or large industry enterprises. This, too, is a task for FACTS HVDC SYSTEM. V. NEED OF REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION: In Figure , the representation of a capacitor inserted at the middle of the line for its compensation, is illustrated. Fig. 7 Distribution line with a capacitor for a given compensation The phasor diagram illustrated in Figure 8 it is illustrated the effect of the capacitor for a 50% of compensation. Once inserted the compensator, Figure 8, it can operate injecting a voltage in the line according to equation. VI. TECHNOLOGY UNDRRLYING FACTS AND HVDC A. VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER: A new type of HVDC using transistors for the ac/dc conversion has been developed. By using components that can not only switch on the current but also switch it off, making it possible to build voltage source converters (VSC). This type of converters offers many advantages when it comes to transmission of power especially from sustainable energy systems. Fig. 9 VSC converter valve B. SERIES COMPENSATION: Fig. 10 In series compensation, the FACTS is connected in series with the power system. It works as a controllable voltage source. Series inductance occurs in long transmission lines, and when a large current flow causes a large voltage drop. To compensate, series capacitors are connected. C. SHUNT COMPENSATION: In shunt compensation, power system is connected in shunt (parallel) with the FACTS. It works as a controllable current source. Fig. 11 Shunt compensation is of two types: A] Shunt capacitive compensation: This method is used to improve the power factor. Whenever an inductive load is connected to the transmission line, power factor lags because of lagging load current. To compensate, a shunt capacitor is connected which draws current leading the source voltage. The net result is improvement in power factor. B] Shunt inductive compensation: This method is used either when charging the transmission line, or, when there is very low load at the receiving end. Due to very low, or no load  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ very low current flows through the transmission line. Shunt capacitance in the transmission line causes voltage amplification (Ferranti Effect). The receiving end voltage may become double the sending end voltage (generally in case of very long transmission lines). To compensate, shunt inductors are connected across the transmission line. Fig. 12 Use of Power Electronics foe Power Transmission VII. FACTS AND HVDC CONTROLLER A. SHUNT CONNECTED CONTROLLER FACTS controllers can be impedance type, based on thyristors without gate turn-off capability, which are called Static Var Compensator (SVC) for shunt-connected application. Another type of FACTS controllers is converter-based which is usually in the form of a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). B. STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR Static Var Compensator is â€Å"a shunt connected static Var generator or absorber whose output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical power system (typically bus voltage)†. SVC is based on thyristors without gate turn-off capability. The operating principal and characteristics of thyristors realize SVC variable reactive impedance. SVC includes two main components and their combination: (1) Thyristor-controlled and Thyristor-switched Reactor (TCR and TSR); and (2) Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC). In Figure shows the diagram of SVC. C. CONVERTOR BASED COMPENSATOR Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is one of the key Converter-based Compensators which are usually based on the voltage source inverter (VSI) or current source inverter (CSI), as shown in Figure. Unlike SVC, STATCOM controls the output current independently of the AC system voltage, while the DC side voltage is automatically maintained to serve as a voltage source. Mostly, STATCOM is designed based on the VSI. D. SERIES CONNECTED CONTROLLLER As shunt-connected controllers, series-connected FACTS controllers can also be divided into either impedance type or converter type. The former includes Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC), Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor-Switched Series Reactor, and Thyristor-Controlled Series Reactor. The latter, based on VSI, is usually in the form of a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). The composition and operation of different types are similar to the operation of the shunt-connected peers. E. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR As discussed in the previous section, STATCOM is a very popular FACTS controller application effective in transmission system voltage control. Since 1980 when the first STATCOM (rated at 20 Mvar) using force-commutated thyristor inverters was put into operation in Japan , many examples have been installed and the ratings have been increased considerably. APPLYING FLEXIBILITY TO THE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM The power industry term FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) covers a number of technologies that enhance the security, capacity and flexibility of power transmission systems. FACTS solutions enable power grid owners to increase existing transmission network capacity while maintaining or improving the operating margins necessary for grid stability. As a result, more power can reach consumers with a minimum impact on the environment, after substantially shorter project implementation times, and at lower investment costs – all compared to the alternative of building new transmission lines or power generation facilities. The two main reasons for incorporating FACTS devices in electric power systems are: * Raising dynamic stability limits * Provide better power flow control. ADVANTAGES OF FACTS AND HVDC SYSTEMS When implemented on a broad-scale basis, FACTS HVDC technologies deliver the following benefits. * A Rapidly Implemented Installations: FACTS projects are installed at existing substations and avoid the taking of public or private lands. They can be completed in less than 12 to 18 months a substantially shorter timeframe than the process required for constructing new transmission lines. * Increased System Capacity: FACTS provide increased capacity on the existing electrical transmission system infrastructure by allowing maximum operational efficiency of existing transmission lines and other equipment. * Enhanced System Reliability: FACTS strengthen the operational integrity of transmission networks, allowing greater voltage stability and power flow control, which leads to enhanced system reliability and security. Improved System Controllability: FACTS allow improved system controllability by building â€Å"intelligence† into the transmission network via the ability to instantaneously respond to system disturbances and gridlock constraints and to enable redirection of power flows * Seamless System Interconnections: FACTS, in the form of BTB dc-link configurations, can establish â€Å"seamless† interconne ctions within and between regional and local networks, allowing controlled power transfer and an increase in grid stability. DISADVANTAGES OF FACTS * The amount of power that can be send over a transmission line is limited. Origin of the limits varies depending on the length of the line. For short line, the heating of the conductors due to line losses sets a â€Å"thermal† limit. * The power flowing over an AC line is proportional to the sine of the phase angle of the voltage at the receiving and transmitting ends and it never reaches 90 degrees. Hence series capacitors or phase-shifting transformers are used on long lines to improve stability. CONCLUSION Power supply industry is undergoing dramatic change as a result of deregulation and political and economical driving forces in many parts of the world. This new market environment puts growing demands for flexibility and power quality into focus. Also, trade of electric power between countries is gaining momentum, to the benefit of all involved. This calls for the right solutions as far as power transmission facilities between countries as well as between regions within countries are concerned. * As indicated by the acronym, FACTS stands for flexibility in AC power systems. Properly utilized, this offers benefits to users of a variety of kinds. Without the need to reinforce the grid by means of additional or upgraded existing lines and/or substations FACTS brings about: * An increase of synchronous stability of the grid; * Increased power transmission capability; * Increased voltage stability in the grid; * Decreased power wheeling between different power systems; * Improved load sharing between parallel circuits; * Decreased overall system transmission losses; * Improved power quality in grids. The choice of FACTS device in each given case may not be obvious but may need to be made the subject of system studies, taking all relevant requirements and prerequisites of the system into consideration, so as to arrive at the optimum technical and economical solution. In fact, the best solution may often be a combination of devices. Finally, a rough and quick guideline to the use of FACTS in various applications: REFRRENCE: [1] Zhang, B. M. ; Ding, Q. F â€Å"The development of FACTS and its control†, Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management, APSCOM-97. Fourth International Conference, Vol. 1, Nov. 1997, pp: 48 – 53 [2] Paserba, J. J. ; â€Å"How FACTS controllers benefit AC transmission systems†, Power Engineering Society General Meeting, IEEE, Vol. 2, June 2004, pp:1257 1262 [3] Edris, A, â€Å"FACTS technology development: an update†, Power Engineering Review, IEEE, Vol. 20, Issue 3, March 2000, pp: 599 627 [4] L. Gyugyi, â€Å"Application characteristics of converter-based FACTS controllers†, IEEE Conference on Power System Technology, Vol. , pp. 391 396, Dec. 2000. [5] N. G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission systems, IEEE Press 2000 [6] N. G. Hingorani,â€Å"High power electronics and flexible AC transmission system†, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol. 8, No. 7, pp. 3-4, July 1988. [7] IEEE FACTS Terms Definitions Task Force of the FACTS Working Group of the DC and FACTS subcommittee, â€Å"Proposed terms and definitions for Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)†, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 1848-1853, Oct. 1997.